PROVERB
Sabtu, 24 Juni 2017
Senin, 12 Juni 2017
4
Review of Journal
1.Desi
Nori Sahputri
Review
of journal “Theoris of Semantics Merits and Limitat”
This is review of journal,the title is Theoris of
Semantics Merits and Limitat by Saleh Mustafa Ramadan Al-Zaytoonah Private
University of Jordan Amman, Jordan.Taleb I. Ababneh Irbid National
University-Jordan Irbid, Jordan.This journal from academia.edu.There are 9
pages in this journal.
Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the
study of meaning, and, since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of linguistics.
The
Referential Theory of Meaning
a. Meaning as the
Relationship between Words and Objects
Greek philosophers
say that there is a relationship between
words and objects. In other words, the best way of indicating the meaning of a
word is to refer to the object represented by that word. In their points of
view, the best definition of the meaning of a word is its ostens ive definition: defining an object by pointing to
that object.
b. Meaning as a Triangular
Relationship
The symbol is the
spoken or written word; the reference is the information that the spoken or written
shape of the word conveys to the reader/ hearer; and the referent is the thing
or the object we talk about.
c. Bloomfield’s View of
Meaning
Bloomfield (1933)
stated that the context of situation was an essential part of meaning.He defined
the meaning of a linguistic form as the situation in which the speaker utters
it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer. Palmer(1981) used reference
in the sense of non linguistic world of
objects and experiences.
The
Non–Referential Theory of Meaning
Bridge (1927: 6) states
that “the proper definition of a concept is not in terms of its properties,but
in terms of actual operations”. For him a concept is nothing more than a set of
operations. If the concept is physical as of length; the operations are actual
physical operations,namely,those by which length is measured: or if the concept
is mental, as of mathematical continuity, the operations are mental operations,
namely those by which we determine whether a given aggregate of magnitude is
continuous.
The
Generative Grammarian Theory
A. Interpretive
Semantic Theory
B. Generative Semantic
Theory
Interpretative
Semantics versus Generative Semantics
For linguists, the deep
structure, is the underlying network of syntactic relations. For generative semanticists,
the deep structure is not “deep” enough. This approach wants the deep structure of a sentence to be
so deep to be identical with its semantic representation.
The
strengthness of this journal is this journal explain the complete theory with
the word choice that simple and this journal give conclusion in the end of
journal.
The weakness of this journal is The are some example that
make the reader confuse.
Conclusion
This journal explain
about theory in Semantics is complete although there are some example still
confuse.
2.Nabila
Firda Asy’ari
Review
of journal “Semantics and theories of semantics”
This is review of journal,the title is Semantics and
theories of semantics by Abbas Bukhari,uploaded by Zain Ez+1 at academia.edu.
There is 15 pages in this journal.
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. We know
that language is used to express meanings which can be understood by others.
Difficulties in the
Study of Meaning
The problem of
‘meaning’ is quite difficult; it is because of its toughness that some linguists
went on to the extent of excluding semantics from linguistics.
Taking up some of the
above definitions of meaning, we can discuss the different aspects of meaning o
a word as follows:
The
logical or denotative meaning. This is the literal
meaning of a word indicating the idea or concept to which it refers. concept is
a minimal unit of meaning which could be
called a ‘sememe’.
The
connotative meaning. This is the additional meaning that a
concept carries. It is defined as ‘the communicative value an expression has by
virtue of what it refers to over and above its purely conceptual content’
(Leech, 1981)
The
social meaning: This is the meaning that a word or a
phrase conveys about the circumstances of its use.
The
thematic meaning: This is the meaning which is
communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organises the message in
terms of ordering, focus and emphasis.
The strengthness this journal is the language that use in
this journal easy to understand.And the weakness from this journal is the text
in this jurnal terlalu monoton and make the reader be bored.
Conclusion
In this journal explain
the theory well although the text is monoton and make the reader be bored.
3.Susi
Lestari
Review
of Journal “Frame semantics a brief introduction”
This is review of journal,the title is Frame semantics a
brief introduction by Diego Gavagna Aarhus University 2013 at academia.edu. There
is 14 pages in this journal.
Frame semantics, as
described by Charles J. Fillmore, is a research program in empirical semantics
that analyses words’ meanings “emphasizing the continuities, rather than the
discontinuities, between language and experience”(Fillmore, 1982).
according to necessity
one will use some of the words of the frame to highlight elements of the frame
that needs to be focus of attention. Other elements (or arguments) will be
backgrounded. So for example I can focus on the buyer and the goods saying:
1) John bought the car
Or I can background the
buyer and the goods and say:
2) Susan charged 10.000€
Foregrounding the
Seller and the Money. Although the central event is the same:
3) A car is bought for
10.000€by John from Susan.
Fillmore argues that
verbs, e.g. buy, sell, charge, are characterized by their valence.This is the
argument structure that is required by the verb, and the situational roles that
the arguments assume due to this structure. Some elements are necessary for the
sentence not to be ungrammatical, these are said the participant roles. The
valence of buy is typically ‘divalent’ that is that it requires at least two
arguments. But these are not necessarily the same arguments, example one
foregrounds the buyer and the goods but example three highlights the goods and
the money.
The strengthness from this journal is use explanation in the example.And
the weakness this journal terlalu monoton and make bored.
Conclusion
This journal is good
because explain through example although the text is monoton.
4.Ratna
Sari
Review
journal “Semantic Field, Semantic Relation and Semantic
Component”
This is
review of journal,the title is Semantic Field,Semantic Relation and Semantic
Component by Benedict Orji Ukpabi from academia.edu.
Semantic field is a set of words or
lexemes related in meaning; also called lexical field, field, or field of
meaning. Most often, fields are defined by subject matter, such as body parts,
landforms, diseases, colours, foods, or kinship relations.
Semantic Relations
Semantic relations or meaning relations are words that
are semantically related to other words.
There are lexical groups or
components that made up semantic relation :
Synonym
Synonyms
usually differ in at least one semantic feature. Sometimes the feature
is:
a.objective (denotative), referring
to some actual, real world difference in the referents; example: walk, lumber, stroll, meander, lurch, stagger, stride, mince.
b.subjective (connotative),
referring to how the speaker feels about the referent rather than any real
difference in the referent itself; example: die, pass away, give up the ghost, kick the bucket, croak.
Antonyms
This sub-field give us definition and so many example about
There are three categories of antonyms:
a.
Graded antonyms
b.
Complementary antonyms
c.
Relational antonyms
Polysemy
This
is a meaning relation whereby a single lexical item has several (apparaently)
related
meanings.
Antagonymy
Homonymy
A Homonym is
a word that is written and pronounced the same way as another, but which has a
different meaning.
Hyponymy/hypernymy
Hyponymy is a relation between two words in which the
meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of the other word.
Examples are : apple- fruit ; car- vehicles ; chair- furniture ; cow - animal.
The strengthness from this journal is the materi that
explain is complete about semantics.And the weakness from this journal is there
are some explanation that still confuse for understand.
Conclusion
There
are some materi make the reader confuse but this materi complete about
semantic.
Senin, 29 Mei 2017
Proverb
A proverb is a short statement usually known by many people.
It states something that is common experience or gives advice. Another
common definition is from Lord
John Russell (c. 1850) "A proverb is the wit of one, and the wisdom of
many."Use proverbs to learn English It's good to know the really common
English proverbs because you hear them come up in conversation all the time.
Sometimes people say the entire proverb to give advice to a friend. Learning
proverbs can also help you to understand the way that people in
English-speaking cultures think about the world.
Example:
1. "Two wrongs don't make a right."
When someone has done something bad
to you, trying to get revenge will only make things worse.
2. "The pen is mightier than the sword."
Trying to convince people with
ideas and words is more effective than trying to force people to do what you
want.
3. "When in Rome, do as the Romans."
Act the way that the people around
you are acting. This phrase might come in handy when you're traveling abroad
notice that people do things differently than you're used to.
4. "The squeaky wheel gets the grease."
You can get better service if you
complain about something. If you wait patiently, no one's going to help you.
5. "When the going gets tough, the tough get going."
Strong people don't give up when
they come across challenges. They just work harder.
6. "Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst."
Bad things might happen, so be prepared.
7. "Better late than never."
It's best to do something on time. But if you can't do it on time, do it
late
There are six types of
proverbs that we will be studying:
SYNONYMOUS
The first type of proverb is called synonymous.
We know that word means synonym. Synonymous simply means that both lines are
saying the same thing but in a little different way. An example is Proverbs 11:25, “The Generous soul will be made rich,
and he who waters will also be watered himself.” This is a verse on
prosperity. It’s saying the one who truly becomes prosperous are givers because
giving indicates an attitude.
Look at verse 29. Here is the negative of that
thought in another synonymous proverb. “He that troubles his own house shall
inherit the wind: and the fool shall be servant to the wise of heart.”
Anyone that doesn’t know how to manage his own
household will lose everything he has. He will end up inheriting the wind which
is nothing but vanity and vexation of spirit, and you know who will end up
owning all your possessions if you don’t know how to manage your own household?
The wise ones.
So verses 25 and 29 say the same thing in both
parts of the verse. Again, this is called synonymous proverb.
ANTITHETICAL
The second type of proverb is called
antithetical. A thought is given in the first line, and the negative result is
given in the second line. In other words, if you do this you’ll be blessed, but
if you don’t, this is what will happen to you. So the negative line really
accentuates the positive one.
Example :
Let’s take a look at Proverbs 14:30, “A sound heart is the life of the flesh:
but envy the rottenness of the bones.” You’ll always find a “but’ somewhere in
an antithetical proverb because two things are contrasted. We as believers
ought to have the healthiest flesh around because our heart is full of the joy
of the Lord. But envy is the rottenness of the bones. And so when you get off
into strife and discord, you’ve opened up the door for satan to come in and put
sickness on you.
SYNTHETIC
Let’s look at the third type of proverb. This is
probably the rarest of all types in the book of Proverbs. It’s called a
synthetic proverb. Each line teaches a different thought. At first, it sounds
like two lines saying something exactly the opposite, or saying two totally
different things, but they do have something in common.
Example: Proverbs
10:18, “Whoever hides hatred has lying lips, and whoever spreads slander is a
fool.” Did you know there’s a time to open your mouth and a time to keep it
shut!? A fool, when he should have his mouth open, keeps it shut, and when he
should have it shut, he opens it. He hides hatred by lying. That’s when he
should have kept his mouth shut. If you hate somebody, keep your mouth shut.
Deal with it inside of you. Don’t let it out. And if you’re ever about to
slander somebody, keep your mouth shut. Don’t utter it.
INTEGRAL
The fourth type of proverb is called an integral
proverb. The second line completes the thought of the first line. In other
words, it almost sounds like there is only one line: the whole thing flows.
There are many of these in Proverbs.
Example: Proverbs
13: 14, “The law of the wise is a fountain of life, to depart from the snares
of death.” The second line completes the thought of the first line.
PARABOLIC
The fifth kind of proverb is called parabolic.
The first line of the proverb illustrates the second. The second line is the
teaching, the first line is an analogy. Many of these that are parabolic seem
to make little sense.
Example: Another
parabolic proverb is chapter 25 verse 25, “As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so
is good news from a far country.” Whenever you leave home, the best thing you
can get is a call from home. Have you ever been out somewhere and felt awfully
lonely? Suddenly you get a phone call or a letter from home and It’s just like
a good drink of water to a thirsty soul.
COMPARATIVE
The last type of proverb is comparative, in which
the first line expresses something better than the second. The key word in a
comparative proverb is the word better.
Example:
Look at chapter 21:9, “It is better to dwell in a corner of the housetop, than
with a brawling woman in a wide house.” You know with all the teachings on
prosperity we’re always seeking for bigger homes: you want a three car garage
this time. Quit working on the house and work on the home inside. Work on the
family and get the love going. If there is love in the house, you don’t
care where you live, but if there’s strife in the home, you’d give up the whole
home to get a little bit of love in that house.
Many times, as we’re going through the poetry in
the book of Proverbs, we’ll see many types of analogies. So it’s good to keep
the different types of proverbs straight and know there are some rhyme and
reason to them.
References:
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