Introduction to linguistics

Assalamualaikum.wr.wb

Right now,I want to tell you about introduction to linguistics book,dimana buku ini merupakan buku pegangan saya dalam pelajaran introduction to linguistics at this semester yaitu second semester .I get this book from my neighbor so wajar because this book has tidak seperti baru lagi because has old..

For the first ,I want to intoduce this book,the title this book is A LINGUISTIC PRIMER FOR MALAYSIANS,Loga Mahesan Baskaran,Publish by University of Malaya Press.

I think this book so good because the content of book is complete,in the chapter 1 explain about Language,communication and linguistics.This book explain from basic like tidak langsung explain about what is linguistics but from what is language,communication and than what is linguistics.And chapter to about phonetic and phonology,chapter 3 about morphology and phonology dan masih banyak lagi.dan penjelasan dari buku ini bagus karena buku ini juga menggunakan gambar untuk menjelaskan kepada pembaca.so I think so good..

ok i think that's all and see you..

PHONETICS

Phonetics is the science to explain about sound that result by human with well.For pronounce English should we learn about phonetic.A short way is with read in the dictionary directory of phonetic symbol.In the dictionary have the symbols to learn how to pronounce with well.The IPA(International Phonetic Alphabet ) is the major as well as the oldest representative organisation for phoneticians.

 Here you can learn phonetic symbols in English

Consonants p pen, copy, happen b back, baby, job t tea, tight, button d day, ladder, odd k key, clock, school g get, giggle, ghost tʃ church, match, nature dʒ judge, age, soldier f fat, coffee, rough, photo v view, heavy, move θ thing, author, path ð this, other, smooth s soon, cease, sister z zero, music, roses, buzz ʃ ship, sure, national ʒ pleasure, vision h hot, whole, ahead m more, hammer, sum n nice, know, funny, sun ŋ ring, anger, thanks, sung l light, valley, feel r right, wrong, sorry, arrange j yet, use, beauty, few w wet, one, when, queen ʔ (glottal stop) department, football

Vowels ɪ kit, bid, hymn, minute e dress, bed, head, many æ trap, bad, cat ɒ lot, odd, wash ʌ strut, mud, love, blood ʊ foot, good, put iː fleece, sea, machine eɪ face, day, break aɪ price, high, try ɔɪ choice, boy uː goose, two, blue, group əʊ goat, show, no aʊ mouth, now ɪə near, here, weary eə square. fair, various ɑː start, father ɔː thought, law, north, war ʊə poor, jury, cure ɜː nurse, stir, learn, refer ə about, common, standard i happy, radiate. glorious u thank you, influence, situation n̩ suddenly, cotton l̩ middle, metal ˈ (stress mark)

Consonants

Consonants are sounds which involve full or partial blocking of airflow.  In English, the consonants are p, b, t, d, ch, j, k, g, f, v, th, dh, s, z, sh, zh, m, n, ng, l, r, w, and y.  They are classified in a number of different ways, depending on the vocal tract details we just discussed.

1.     Stops, also known as plosives.  The air is blocked for a moment, then released.  In English, they are p, b, t, d, k, and g.

2.     Fricatives involve a slightly resisted flow of air.  In English, these include f, v, th, dh, s, z, sh, zh, and h.

3.     Affricates are sounds that involve a plosive followed immediately by a fricative at the same location.  In English, we have ch (unvoiced) and j (voiced).  Many consider these as blends:  t-sh and d-zh.

4.     Nasals are sounds made with air passing through the nose.  In English, these are m, n, and ng.

5.      Liquids are sounds with very little air resistance.  In English, we have l and r, which are both alveolar, but differ in the shape of the tongue.  For l, we touch the tip to the ridge of the teeth and let the air go around both sides.  For the r, we almost block the air on both sides and let it through at the top.

6.     Semivowels are sounds that are, as the name implies, very nearly vowels.  In English, we have w and y, which you can see are a lot like vowels such as oo and ee, but with the lips almost closed for w (a bilabial) and the tongue almost touching the palate for y (a palatal).  They are also called glides, since they normally “glide” into or out of vowel positions (as in woo, yeah, ow, and oy).

https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/

https://simaksejenak.wordpress.com/2013/02/27/phonetic-symbols-2/

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/phonetics.html

Introduce to linguistics

What is language???
What is linguistics???

Language can be seen as sound organized into units of from and function with meaning,contextualized in reality.

Who is linguist???
Linguist;people who are specialist in linguistics

What are the fields in linguistics???

Pure Linguistics

1.Phonetics
As soon as a child is born he or she starts communicating.Babies communicate in many ways;they coo and cry.At this stage babies send and receive numerous messages vocally and non vocally.
2.Phonology
At this stage,children are more productive and will start combining sounds to produce syllables that carry meanings.It may or may not be something that you can find in dictionary,but child's parents will definitely be able to comprehend the 'words'.

3.morphology
At this stage,children will begin to combine syllables to from words that carry meanings and has relation to his or her environment.The words are normally used as a sentence and something carries more than one meaning.
4.Syntax
This is the stage that a child learns to combine words to communicate his thoughts.They will be able to combine to words together and produce words like 'big toy','baby shoes',and 'baby mum mum'.Children at this stage may even come out with simple sentences like "baby want milk"
5.Lexicology
At this stage children learn to use more words.if before this they only produce concrete nouns now at this stage they will be able to use more abstract nouns
Example:"eat,drink,cat".
6.Semantics
Children at this stage are already capable of producing words which have various definition and meaning relationship.If before this they called all flowers as ‘flower’,now they would be able to differentiate them as orchid,rose and sun flower.They will also understand that the word ‘bear’ can have different meanings in different context.

Applied linguistics
 

1.Education(teaching,learning,acquisition,assessment)

2.Linguistics (The study of the nature,structure,and variation of language,including phonetics,phonology,morphology and the study of human speech,language form,language meaning ,and language in context

3.Anthropology (the scientific study of the origin and behavior of man,including the physical,social,and cultural development of societies and cultures).

4. Psychology (the science of mind and behavior,and the application of such  knowledge of various spheres of human activity,such as education,health,occupational and employment services. 5. Sociology (the scientific study of human social behavior and the study of society) 

·    6. Clinical Linguistics (analysis and treatment of language disorders)

·    7. Language Acquisition

·    8.Teaching and Learning Foreign Languages (developing foreign language teaching methods

·    9.Educational Linguistics (the use of the mother tongue in school)

·    10.Lexicography (theory and practice in organizing dictionaries;methods and techniques for creating dictionaries

·    11.Computational Linguistics (the use of computers in language analysis and use)

·    12.Machine Translation( computerized translation )

·    13.ASR –Automatic Speech Recognition

·    14. Language assessment(to measure student learning of languages,to determine

      what a student knows and/or can do and how well instruction is proceeding).

·    15.Forensic Linguistics (the application of linguistic knowledge,methods and insights  to the context of law,language,crime investigation,trial,experts,court,evidence,law, jurislinguistique)

·    16.Data Mining (the process of processing large volumes of data usually stored in a database and searching for patterns and relationships within that data. It is automatic extraction and processing of data)

·    17.Language pedagogy (theory of developing teaching methods )

·    18.Psycholinguistics  (the study of the psychological factors that enable humans to acquire,use,comprehend and produce speech,relationship between language and human behavior)

·    19.Internet linguistics (It studies new language styles and forms that have arisen under the influence of the Internet and Short Message Service (SMS) 

·     20.Sociolinguistics (study of the link between language and society)

·     21.Neurolinguistics (describes the application of linguistic theories to the   classification and analysis of acquired disorders of language or speech in patients with brain damage)

·     22.Language interpretation (facilitating of oral or sign language communication between users of different languages)

·     23.Corpus linguistics(the study of language as expressed in samples (corpora) or "real world" text ;it is approach to deriving a set of abstract rules by which a natural language is governed or else relates to another language)

·     24.Text Analysis (written discourse)

·     25.Language,culture,and pragmatics(cultural aspects in language teaching in  intercultural communication)

·     26.Language Control / Dialectology(study of linguistic  dialect,variations in   language  and is based primarily on geographic distribution;divergence of two local   dialects from a common ancestor and synchronic variation)

sumber
Buku A Linguistic Primer for Malaysians oleh Loga Mahesa Baskaran