Linguistics(cover)Recommendation By Budi Hamuddin M.Esl

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

This video to tell about Introduction to Linguistics,there is pure linguistics and applied linguistics (cover) upin dan ipin.Semoga bermanfaat.

All of my comments in my friend’s blog

This is all of my comment in my friend’s blog in the second semester dalam mata kuliah introduction to linguistics especially pure linguistics.there are 18 comment.

1. Desi Nori 

2.Rianti

 3.Ade Gustia Putri

4.Ratna sari

 5.ketlin azura

 6.Rumintang Harianja

 7.Febti Mahani

 8.Winda Ulandari

 9.Syahfitri

 10.Dela safitri

 11.Hotdiana Pasaribu

 12.Siti Rafiah

 13.Mike Yulfa Acmi

14.Indah Ayu Widuna

 15.Dikky Fradana

 16.Nabila Firda Asy'ari

 17.Shela Safhira

18.TM.Ridhani

Sociolinguistics

Right now,I want to tell one of applied to linguistics about sociolinguistics.Between all of applied linguistics why I choose sociolinguistics?

I think sociolinguistics interesting to learn because we can know difference language each other people.Like English,it can be different in each region such as American,Australian and british English.We can find different between them in the phonologically and lexically.

Okay,I will tell you about it more clearly.

Definition of sociolinguistics according to expert

P.Trudgill (1974:32)

Sociolinguistics is that part of linguistics which is concerned with language as a social and cultural phenomenon.

Wm.Downes (1984:15)

Sociolinguistics is that branch of linguistics which studies just those properties of language and language which require reference to social including contextual,factors in their explanation.

Janet Holmes (1992, 16)

The sociolinguist’s aim is to move towards a theory which provides a motivated account of the way language is used in a community, and of the choices people make when they use language.

The term “sociolinguistics” as stated earlier on,comprises two elements:”socio + linguistics”.The term “socio” means to do with society”,whilst the term “linguistics” refers to the “scientific study of language”.Thus,sociolinguistics encompasses the wide spectrum of variables that an individual’s language covers,starting from the individual speaker himself (the basic unit of a society).

1.The individual speaker

The individual speaker in any society can have a very varied linguistics background.Assuming that this individual goes through the normal processes and milestones of child language acquisition,the individual verbalize and acquires language (his mother tongue or first language).

-IDIOLECT

Idiolect is the speech and language of an individual comprising all that his competence has and his performance produces. Idiolect is a variety of language that is unique to individual. Idiolect is concerning with the “colour” of choice of choice of words, language style, sentence order, etc.

-MONOLINGUALISM

Able to speak and understand only one language or using only one language.

-BILINGUALISM

Bilingualism is a common phenomenon amongst speakers of multiracial and multilingual societies.For example where Chinese children are coordinate bilinguals of their mother tongue and malay,Indian children are coordinate bilinguals of their mother tongue and malay as well.

-MULTILINGUALISM

Able to speak several language.For example he completes his tertiary education,he might even add another fourth foreign language (French,German,Spanish,etc.) to his repertoire,thus becoming a multilingual.

2.The society

Having considered the individual at the first level of the sociolinguistics scale,we now move on to the society of which he is representative member.As the stated earlier,he is a member of the speech community and also the larger society in which he is placed.

Dialect

A variety of language that is characteristic of particular group of the language speaker. A language socially subordinate to a regional or national standard language.

For example, in our national language (Bahasa Indonesia) there are several dialects, Javanese dialect, Sundanese dialect, Dayak dialect, etc.

Dialect can be distinguished by:

a. Vocabulary

For example: “apo” (to say what) in Minangkabau can be “opo” in Javanese.

b. Grammar

For example :

“Tell me what do you know” >> Standard Lg.

 “Tell me what thou knowest” >> Yorkshire dialect

c. Pronunciation

American English:

 “duty” is pronounced /d’i:ti/

British English:

 “duty” is pronounced /’dju:ti/

In Betawi dialect a word ending in “a” >> “e”

 kemana >> kemane

 siapa >> siape

Speech community

An individual speaker,therefore,is a member of a certain speech community (a group of people with a common core set of linguistics habits) convering a range of phonological,grammatical,and lexical features,but with perhaps an even narrower subvariation of a particular dialectal disposition as well.Thus,the individual of malay ethnic origin is then a representative member of the malay speech community with a particular dialectal variation as well as in the johore dialect.He is normally expected to be fluent in both the dialectal as well as the standard (official) malay language.Likewise the individuals of Chinese,Indian and East Malaysian origin.

Sociolects

Within a particular speech community there will also be different factors that many lend to a slight degree of variation of currency of certain language items in use.The factors that most lend to these variation can range from geographic to ethnic,each producing a socialect,respectively.

For example,English is a widely used language throughout the world.And yet it has its various sociolects arising from:

a.Regional differences.Taking English on a wider scale,there is a definite difference especially phonologically and lexically speaking between American Australian and British English.

b.Ethnic/racial difference.For example,there is definite difference between the Asian English speaker compared to the Caucasian English speaker.

c.Socio economic status differences.There is surely a difference between the English used by a construction site worker in the heart of London compared to a high court attorney or the academic from a university in the same city.

d.Occupation differences.This factor could be closely linked with the socio-economic status factor,where the language used by the pastor in church would surely differ from the language of the doctor in his clinic,as would also perhaps the stockbroker’s/remiser’s comparedto the insurance salesman’s language. The sociolectal differences would reflect much of the language or jargon particular to the profession.For example the computer salesman will have a substantial amount of “hackers”jargon in his vocabulary (words to do with hardware and software)

e.Age differences.Some of these lexical items used by these youngsters may even be scoffed at by their older counterparts.Words such as “frus” (for frustrating),”fantab” (fantastic and fabulous),”skive” (sky-dive and jive) and the like may be thrown around by the 20 or 30 year olds,to the bewilderment of the 60 or 70 year old sedate elders.

f.Gender differences.Gender is not too significant a differential marker in many languages although there are languages such as Arabic and Japanese where there are two forms (the form used by women and that used by men) for the same word.For example,in Japanese the man says “kuu” for eat whilst the woman says “tabern” for the same.

3.Register

a.The discourse participants (The interlocutors)

There will definitely be a minimum of two participants.The nation of age and status as well as respect are significant factors here.It will definitely be awkward if an elderly school taeaher has to say,"Excuse me,miss,sorry for any inconvenience caused...but what is the time now?"to a ten years old pupil in the class room.A similar inappropriate situation will arise if a six or seven years old refers to her mother or father as,"Hi guys,how'z it going?" Thus the basic familiarity will not only determine the type of content but also the appropriacy of the content,inclusive of politeness,respect,deference,consideration and such markers.

b.The discourse context (the speech situation).The speech situation which warrants the two or more people interlocuting with each other,will determine the relative formality or familiarity that transpires in the discourse.

c.The discourse content (the speech content).The type of content that is used in the discourse will dependon the purpose of the exchange.For example,in a wedding ceremony,the priest who says,"I now pronounce you man and wife",is using the performative declarative,compared to the football commentator,who uses an abundance of simple present tense verbs,"Rahman heads the ball-he leaps forward.

http://orb.essex.ac.uk/lg/lg232/DefinitionsSlx.html

https://koesnandar1964.wordpress.com/2010/11/26/materi-kuliah-sociolinguistics/

https://penandpiano.wordpress.com/2012/11/12/dialect-and-idiolect/comment-page-1/

A Linguistics Primer for Malaysian_Logo Mahesa Baskaran