SEMANTICS

     Semantics is the study of meaning that is used to understand human expression through language.

Remember that language is arbitrary (one of the characteristics of languages).It is arbitrary because the relationship between forms and their meanings are sometimes cannot logically proved.

     Although a form can have more than one meaning,there is always a primary or original meaning that is expresses.The original meaning of a form in a language is normally called "Denotation".

Example:

Rose="A garden plant with thoms on its stem and pleasant-smelling flowers or a flower from this plant.

     Besides,there are additional meaning,which is known as "Connotation".

 Example:

One may call a beautiful girl a "rose" or a "lily". 

     

     Under the subject of semantics,we shall deal with the concepts of:

1.Polysemy

   Polysemy is the state or phenomenon in which the words that have more than one meaning.

   The concrete form of polysemy is called "polyseme".

    Example:simple (English is extremely plain subject)

                   with nothing added/not decorated in any way (This blouse is too plain) 

2.Synonymy

   Synonymy is the state or phenomenon in which the words that sound different but have the same or  

   identical meaning as another word or phrase.

   The concrete form of synonymy is called "synonym".

   Examples:

   small                    =  little

   big                        =  large

   mother and father  =  parents 

3.Antonymy

   Antonymy is the state or phenomenon in which the words have the sense relation which involve the 

   opposite of meaning.

   The concrete form of antonymy is called "antonym".

   a.Implicitly Gradable Pairs (Graded Antonym) refers to the words related to the object they modify.

      The words themselves do not provide an absolute scale.

      Examples:

      big    ><  small

      good ><  bad 

   b.Complementary pairs (complemetarity) refers to the existence of pairs that the denial of one,

      implies the assertion of the other.

      Examples: 

      male >< female

      alive >< dead

   c.Relational pairs (converseness) refers to the pair of words that display symmetry in their meaning.

      Examples:

      buy  >< sell

      push >< pull 

4.Hyponymy

   Hyponymy is the state or phenomenon that shows the relationship between more general term 

   (lexical representation) and the more specific instances of it.

   The concrete forms of sets of word are called "hyponyms".

   Example:

   The lexical representation of:

   red,yellow,green,blue,purple,black,is[+color]

   thus,we can say that:"red" is a hyponym of "color" and so on.

5.Idiom

   An idiom is a group of words in which the meaning cannot be explained in terms of the habitual 

   meanings of the words that make up the piece of language.

   Idioms involve the non-literal use of language and they can be categorized as follows:

   Examples:

   1.Alliterative Comparisons

      as good as gold (well behaved)

   2.Noun Phrase

      a red letter day (a day that will never be forgotten)

   3.Prepositional Phrase

      at sixes and sevens (unable/unwilling to agree)

   4.Verb + Noun phrase

       kick the bucket (die)

   5.Verb + Preposition Phrase

       be in clover (be exceptionally comfortable)

   6.Verb + Adverb

       put down (kill) 

sumber:
 

  http://www.slideshare.net/Andriyanieka12/13-semantics-synonym-antonym-homonym-hyponym-polyseme-idioms-18509523

   

FORMULATION OF THE RESEARCH

  

This is one of example formulation of the research,I get it in the library of Lancang Kuning University,academic year 2012/2013 by Ismirawati.This is explain about object of preposition.

As we know that object of preposition explain about noun,noun phrase,noun clause,and pronoun,ini ada hubungannya dengan syntax pada pelajaran introduction to linguistics because same explanation like phrase,clause,etc.

That is one of example Formulation of the Research that connected with Introduction to Linguistics especially Syntax.

LEXICOLOGY

 

The term “lexis” refers to the vocabulary (word with the meaning) of a language,each itself  being reffered to as a lexeme or lexical item.The entire range of lexical items in a language is known as its lexicon.Lexicology refers to the study of the vocabulary of a language and the development of its lexicon.

The different between the grammatical word (the morpheme) and the lexical word (the lexeme).In the example,”foot” there is the grammatical word(morpheme) “foot” which has its grammatical function as a noun (naming an object),while the lexical word (lexeme) “foot” refers to the part of the body at the bottom of the leg on which we stand.Thus the meaning of the lexeme “foot”is different from the grammatical function of the morpheme “foot”.Taking this a little futher,we get the semantic word (the sememe)”foot” which can be used to refer to either the unit of measurement of twelve inches or also to the base or bottom of something.

Difference of Morpheme,Lexeme and Sememe:

1.Ball

Morpheme = (grammatical word) noun-naming an object or thing

Lexeme = (meaning word) the round object used in games

Sememe = (extended meaning word) formal/social event/dance

2.Eye

Morpheme = noun-naming an object/thing

Lexeme = organs with which we see to look at closely,carefully

Sememe = quiet centre of a storm

3.Hand

Morpheme = noun-naming an object/thing

Lexeme = the moveable part of the body at the end of the arm to give from one’s own hand

Sememe = the moving pointer on a clock etc.

            A few terms that are of importance in lexicology should be examined here

Lexical Decomposition

Lexical decomposition is a means of characterizing the detail lexical features of a word.For example taking the words “kitten”,”puppy”,and “fawn” we can see some commonality in them.

Collocation

Collocation refers to the co-occurrence possibility or compatibility of a word with other words.For example,”black”collocates well with “black” box,”black”coffe,”black”board and “black”bird.

Denotation and Connotation

Denotation refers to the strict definition of a word,the class of things denoted by a word.It is the referential or dictionary meaning of a lexical item.For example the lexeme “mother” has its dictionary definition as “female parent”.Connotation.on the other hand,goes into the extralinguistic association and overtones of meanings of words.These meanings would not be explicitly stated in the dictionary.Thus for “mother” connotative meaning would entail,”compassion,love,comfort,solace,strength” and other maternally eminent qualities.

sumber:

A Liguistic Primer for Malaysians_Loga Mahesan Baskaran

 

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

Definition:

·       Future progressive expresses an activity that will be in progress at a time in the future.

·       Future progressive menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang. 

t     Time signal yang biasanya digunakan:

       -tomorrow = besok

       -to night = nanti malam

       -next week = minggu depan

       -soon = segera ect.

RUMUS:

S+WILL+BE+VERB BENTUK (ING)

Bias juga menggunakan

S+BE GOING TO+BE+VERB-ING

Will dan be going to memiliki arti yang sama yaitu “akan”,perbedaannya,will itu kejadiannya terjadi secara mendadak sedangkan be going to kejadiannya sudah di rencanakan.

Example:

(+) We will be playing volley ball next week

(-) We will not be playing volley ball next week

(?) Will we be playing volley ball next week?

Exercise:  

1. Right now I am attending class.Yesterday at this time,I was attending class.Tomorrow at this time,I (attend)..........class.
2. A: When do you leave for Florida?--B:Tomorrow.Just think!Two days from now I (lie).........on the beach in the sun.--A: Sounds great! I (think)..........about you.
3. A: How can I get in touch with you while you are out of town?--B: I (stay)..........at the Pilgrim Hotel.You can reach me there.
4. Next year at this time,I (do)..........exactly what I am doing now.I (attend)..........school and (study)..........hard next year.

      5. A: Where are you going to be this evening?--B:I (work,at the library)..........on my research paper

Answer    

1. will be attending
2. B: I am going to be lying--A: will be thinking
3. will be staying
4. will be doing,I am going to be attending,going to be studying
5. I am going to be working at the library