SYNTAX

What is syntax?

The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of these structures and their formation is called “syntax”.

In other words,syntax is the study of sentence patterns of language.

Syntactic category

Syntactic category is a set of words and phrases in a language which share a significant number of common characteristics.

Syntactic categories commonly include:

1.Part of Speech

(Determiner,Adjective,Noun,Pronoun,Preposition,Adverb,Auxiliary,Verb,etc)

2.Phrase Structure Grammars

(Noun Phrase,Adjective Phrase,Verb Phrase,Adverb Phrase,Preposition Phrase)

3.Sentence,as the core of the structure

PHRASE

A Phrase is a sequence of words or a group of words arranged in a grammatical construction,and functions as a unit in a sentence.

A.Noun Phrase

A noun phrase refers to a phrase that built upon a noun which function as the headword of the phrase.

Example:

1.The young man threw the old dog a bone

            (NP)                               (NP)         (NP)

2.Pretty girls whispered softly

            (NP)

B.Adjective Phrase

An adjective phrase refers to a phrase that modifies a noun.It built upon an adjective which functions as the headword of the phrase.

Example:

1.She seemed extremely pleasant.

                              (AdjP)

2.You are much quicker than l.

                          (AdjP)

C.Verb Phrase

A verb phrase refers to a phrase that composed of at least one verb and the dependents of the verb,in which the verb functions as the headword of the phrase.

Example:

1.He has been singing

                 (VP)

2.The child found the puppy.

                              (VP)

D.Adverb Phrase

An adverb phrase refers to a phrase that often plays the role of telling us when,where,why,or how an event occurred,in which the adverb functions as the headword of the phrase.

Example:

1.We are expecting him to come next year

                                                   (AdvP)

2.He ran very quickly.

                 (AdvP)

E.Proposition Phrase

A proposition phrase refers to a phrase that begins with a preposition,in which the preposition functions as the headword of the phrase.

Example:

1.He arrived by plane

                         (PP)

2.Do you know that man with the scar?

                                              (PP)

sumber:
 

http://www.slideshare.net/Andriyanieka12/10-syntax-syntax-phrases-18509446

MORPHOLOGY

Definition
Morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has a meaning.
Morphology is the study of morphemes of a language.

There are 2 kind of morphology:
1.free morpheme
a morpheme that can stand alone
example:happy,beauty and hope

2.Bound morpheme
can not stand alone
or we can call affixes.so,must be attached to the word
Example:in,un,ful,ly,dis ect

There are 2 types of bound morpheme:
1.Derivational morphem
is a morpheme
give an affix used to change form and meaning form with a change in part of speech

There are 2 Derivational morphology:
1.Derivational prefixes(in the beginning word)
example:
legal-illegal
responsible-irresponsible

2.Derivational Suffix(in the end word)
Example:good-goodness
manage-management

2.Inflectional morphology
morpheme
is a morpheme give an affix used to change form but no change part of speech
example:learn-learned
book-books

Allomorphs
the term “allomorph” refers to a variant of a morpheme.such variance occurs due to the phonological conditioning of the surrounding sounds.

Example:
cat-cats/kaets/
dog-dogs/dogz/
horse-horses/hƆ:sǝz/

Talk-talked/tƆ:kt
juggle-junggled/dƷɅgld
end-ended/endəd

Zero allomorph
when a morpheme changes status from one type of morpheme to another without any addition or subtraction of any of its parts
example:sheep(singel)=sheep(plural)

Phonology

 Phonology is The study of the structure and systematic patterns of sounds in human language.

Three major units of phonological analysis:

1.    Segments: Individual speech sounds

2.    Syllables: units of linguistic structure that consists of a syllabic element and any segments associated with it

3.    Features: units of phonological structure that make up segments.

CLASSES AND GENERALIZATION INPHONOLOGY

1.Liquid and glide phonemes have (at least) two allophones, one voiced and the other voiceless

2. Liquids and glides have voiceless allophones after voiceless stops, and voiced allophones elsewhere.e.g. Liquid /r/

3. voiced → green [gri:n] , voiceless → creep [kr̥i:p] Glide /w/ and /j/

4. voiced → beauty [bju:tɪ] , voiceless → cute [kj̥u:t]

The features of English

1.    Major class features:

• Consonantal [p b s z ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ]

• Syllabic [i: e ɑ: ɭ̩ r̩ m n]

• Sonorant: only the singables: vowells, glides, liquids, and nasals.

2.    Laryngeal features:

• Voice: according to voiced and voiceless sounds.

• Spread glottis: distinguishes unaspirated from aspirated consonants.

• Constricted glottis: In English theres only the glottis stop [?]

3.Place features:

• Labial: [p] [b] [f] [v] [w]

• Round: Sounds that made with the lips rounded

• Coronal: [t] [d] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [tʃ] [dʒ] [n] [ɭ ] [r]

• Anterior: [p] [b] [t] [d] [s] [z] [θ] [ð]

• Strident: The noisy fricatives and affricates only. [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] and [dʒ]

4.Dorsal features:

• High: Sound made with the tongue raised.

• Low: Vowels made with the tongue lowered.

• Back: Any sound articulated behind the palatal region of the oral cavity.

• Tense: Follows the tense and lax vowels.

• Reduced: Only the schwa [ə]

5.Manner features:

• Nasal: Any sound made with the velum lowered.

• Continuant: Vowels, fricatives, glides and liquids.

• Lateral: [ɭ ]

• Delayed release: Only affricate sounds [tʃ] [dʒ]